Early Onset Of Alzheimer s Disease - 1742 Words

Eaten Alive Dementia is the general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer s. Alzheimer s disease literally eats and attacks the human brain (Overview). It is a progressive disease that causes the brain cells to degenerate and die, which causes memory loss and affects other important mental functions (Mayo). Today in America, over five million Americans are living with Alzheimer s disease and someone develops Alzheimer s disease every 67 seconds in the United States. (Overview). A form of Alzheimer s diseases is early onset. Early onset Alzheimer s disease is defined as someone diagnosed under the age of 65. Early onset is commonly found in people in their 40s and 50s. Five percent or around 200,000 of Americans living with Alzheimer s have early onset form. The only cause known to early onset Alzheimer s disease is genetics (Overview). There are many signs to look for in Alzheimer s disease. The most common signs include: memory loss, challenges when planning and solving problems, confusion with time and place, misplacing items, and having a difficult time completing everyday tasks. A person with Alzheimer s disease will also begin to show signs of poor judgement. Some people withdraw from social and/or work events, which can be a sign of mood and personality change. Risk factors of Alzheimer s include: age, environment, and genetics/family history. There are twoShow MoreRelatedEarly Onset Alzheimer s Disease824 Words   |  4 Pagesto Distinguish Early Onset Alzheimer s From Normal Alzheimer s Disease By Dick Harkes | Submitted On August 26, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest What Is Early Onset Alzheimers If someone is diagnosedRead MoreEarly Onset Alzheimer s Disease811 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease: Early-onset Alzheimer’s Disease and Familial Alzheimer’s Disease Still Alice The movie Still Alice, portrays the life of Dr. Alice Howland and her family, as they deal with the heartbreaking diagnosis and life tribulations of Alice as she deteriorates with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease at 50 years of age. This heartwarming story will touch the hearts and unravel the emotions of its viewers from the beginning until the end. Alice is a very ambitious and intelligent linguisticsRead MoreNbsjd789 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer Disease Report Alzheimer s disease (AD) is a slowly progressive disease of the brain that is characterized by impairment of memory and eventually by disturbances in reasoning, planning, language, and perception. Many scientists believe that Alzheimer s disease results from an increase in the production or accumulation of a specific protein (beta-amyloid protein) in the brain that leads to nerve cell death. The likelihood of having Alzheimer s disease increases substantially afterRead MoreAlzheimer s And Alzheimer Dementia991 Words   |  4 PagesSome alternate names for Alzeheimer s include Alzheimer dementia (AD), Alzheimer dementiia, syndrome, and sclerosis. The name of the disease was chosen after Dr. Aloysius Alzheimer was credited with discovering the first case of presenile dementia. This would later be called Alzheimer s disease in honor of Dr. Alzheimer s discovery. In the year of 1901, Dr. Alzheimer was studying a 51-year-old patient named Auguste Deter. The patient was suffering from str age behavioral patterns of symptoms. OneRead MoreThe Human Of Human Genome Project995 Words   |  4 Pagesfor diseases. It guided the medical field to new direction but at the same time created new challenges and problems. The primary objective of the project isn’t wrong or questionable but some believe its implications are. Genes are made of a molecule called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which contains the instructions for making every protein in the body. By studying and understanding the genome system completely, we will be able to shed some light on how to diagnose and treat chronic diseases at anRead MoreCloning Process : Buccal Swabs Or Whole Blood Samples ( 2-5ml )1223 Words   |  5 PagesCloning Process Buccal swabs or whole blood samples (2-5ml) will be taken from a patient with Alzheimer’s disease. This will be transported to the lab immediately for RNA extraction. The ChargeSwitch gDNA/RNA technologies Purification Kits protocol will be used for the DNA extraction. A reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) procedure will be carried out using the designed primers for cDNA. The cDNA is obtained from the mRNA and not the genomic DNA. Derived cDNA will not be manipulated to obtain stickyRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease Is The Most Significant Risk Factor1074 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer s Disease Abstract Alzheimer’s disease currently represents the second leading cause of death in people older than 65 years residing in the modern world. (1) Census records attest to this assertion, which has prompted medical researchers to further investigate the etiology and course of development of the disease in order to better treat the debilitating condition. This paper investigates how Alzheimer’s entered the medical lexicon and how its definition has shifted over the past centuryRead MoreDementia And It s Types Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesDementia and it s types Dementia is a syndrome caused by multiple progressive illnesses that affects memory, thinking, orientation, behaviour, comprehension, calculation, judgement, learning capacity, language, and loss of motivation and emotional control. The syndrome is characterized by Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with lewy bodies, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia mainly affects older people. Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia. Prevalence 44.4Read MoreAlzheimer s Is The Greatest Known Risk Factor For The Individuals Ages919 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer s is a degenerative disease of the brain that causes dementia, which is a gradual loss of memory, judgment, and ability to function. It is the most common form of dementia, and may hinder an individual s performance of daily function. Sixty to eighty percent of dementia cases are caused by Alzheimer s. This disease is considered to be the greatest known risk factor for the individuals ages sixty and older. Most of the population affected by the disease with noticeable symptoms areRead More Alzheimers Disease Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pages Alzheimers Disease Alzheimer ¡Ã‚ ¦s disease is a slow, progressive, and degenerative disease of the brain. This disease is marked by a gradual loss of memory and other cognitive functions. quot;Alzheimers Disease is also known as the most common cause of dementia--a general term referring to the loss of memory and the ability to think, reason, function, and behave properlyquot; (Medina,1999). It primarily affects adults in their 60s or older and eventually destroys a persons ability to perform

Obituary - Definition and Examples

An obituary is a published notice of a persons death, often with a brief biography of the deceased.   To journalists, writing obituaries of people who are not prominent--average private citizens--may seem routine, even boring; however, to the family of the deceased, obituaries are anything but routine. They are the published record of their loved ones life, the last document attesting to the worth of someone about whom they cared. Here are some common ways of writing first-day obituary leads: W. James Hassleblatt, 78, of East Lansing, former chairman of the English Department at Lansing Community College, died Tuesday in Mercy Hospital after a short illness.Plumber, building contractor, and folk singer John B. Constance of the Town of Tinapple died Wednesday in Millard Fillmore Hospital. He was 64.Nancy Whire, 94, a retired Latin teacher at St. Louis Academy, died Monday in her home following a long illness. The lead combines this special information with an identifying description, or at least an occupational title, and with the full formal name of the deceased, his or her address and age, the day (but not time) of death and, usually, the cause of death or circumstances surrounding it. Examples: died Wednesday after a brief illness; or suffered a fatal heart attack Sunday, two days after his wife of 51 years died.(W. Richard Whitaker, Janet E. Ramsey, and Ronald D. Smith, Mediawriting: Print, Broadcast, and Public Relations. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004) Obituary Guidelines Obituary writing follows some basic forms, even when you are writing a special profile. All obituaries, no matter how long or short, must contain the same crucial information . . ..Name: Use full name, middle initial and nickname if it was commonly used. . . .Identification: . . . Usually, people are identified by occupation or community service. . . .Age: In some cases, a family will request that you withhold the age. . . .Date and Place of Death: Use the day of the week if the death occurred that week, the date if it was more than a week prior to the obituary. . . .Cause of Death: This fact is not required at all newspapers. . . .Address: Tell where the person lived when he died and previous areas of residence for any major length of time. . . .Background: Specify major accomplishments, organizations, educational background, military background and any other highlights. . . .Survivors: Use the names of immediate family members (husband or wife, with her maiden name, children, broth ers and sisters). . . .Services: Specify the time, date and location.Burial: Name the place, and provide memorial information when available.(Carole Rich, Writing and Reporting News: A Coaching Method, 6th ed. Wadsworth, 2010) On the Perfect Obituary The best obit ever can be read at Harry Weathersby Stamps.(Stan Tiner, Raise Your Glass to Harry Stamps. Sun Herald [Biloxi, Mississippi], March 14, 2013) Obituary Example Jill E. Miller, 39, Savannah, died Friday, March 25, 2005, in St. Joseph’s Hospital, Savannah. A memorial service will be held at a later date in Barnesville, Minn.Jill Eileen Smilonich was born in Minneapolis. She graduated from Barnesville High School and Minnesota State University Moorhead. She earned a Master’s degree and PhD in Art History from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. She worked for Armstrong State Atlantic University, Savannah.She is survived by her husband, David Veater, St. Simons Island, Ga.; her parents, Nick Smilonich, Rancho Santa Margarita, Calif.; her mother, Phyllis Smilonich, Moorhead; a brother, Michael (Melissa), Columbus, Ohio; and a sister, Stefani (David) Anderson, Bagley, Minn.Memorial service: Tuesday at 12:30 in the Fine Arts Auditorium, Armstrong State Atlantic University.(Fox Weeks Funeral Directors, Savannah, Georgia; March 27, 2005) Exercise: How to Write Your Own Obituary Begin at the beginning--when and where you were born. Think about your most meaningful childhood memories and the greatest lessons of your formative years. Think about your high school and college accomplishments. A healthy dose of self-deprecating humor can make this exercise quite fun. Write about your first job. Reflect on the relationships that have helped to define your life. Another way of looking at this exercise is to think of it as a condensed autobiography. Write about your greatest triumphs. . . . Face your failures head-on, and think through the gifts that eventually came into your life because of those tough trials. Weave them into your life story.Now think through your hopes and dreams for the future--what you still want to accomplish in your life, places you still dream of visiting, experiences that capture your interest and imagination, books you still want to read, and people you want to get to know. And last, think how you wish to be remembered. What would you like engraved on your tombstone? My favorite epitaph is the one Malcolm Forbes wrote for himself: While Alive, He Lived. My personal choice is, He Made a Difference.(W. Randall Jones, The Richest Man in Town: The Twelve Commandments of Wealth. Hachette Book Group, 2009)The obituary . . . can be useful to students in upper elementary grades through high school and beyond. It demonstrates how to capture essential information and present it in a nutshell format (brief and to the point).(Lynne R. Dorfman and Rose Cappelli, Nonfiction Mentor Texts: Teaching Informational Writing Through Childrens Literature, K-8. Stenhouse Publishers, 2009)The problem with the [imagined] obituary is that it entices you to dream and to express certain wish-fulfillments. What should concern us even more urgently is what has made us the person we are now, at the starting point of this writing course.(Stephen Wade, Write Yourself a New Life: A Life-Changing Course Where You, and Your Words, Are the Tutor. How To Books, 2000) The Lighter Side of Obituaries When I go at 104, I want my obituary to read, Her chute didnt open.(Jan King, Its a Mom Thing. Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2001)When television host David Frost asked [Senator Eugene McCarthy] what he wanted his obituary to say, McCarthy answered without the least suggestion of irony, He died, I suppose.(Mark Kurlansky, 1968: The Year That Rocked The World. Random House, 2005

The Epic Poem - Beowulf Essay - 2255 Words

Beowulf is an epic poem. Why? Because (1) it is a long narrative work that relates the adventures of a great hero and (2) it reflects the values of the Anglo-Saxon society in which it was written prior to 1000AD. This Old English poem in unrhymed, four-beat alliterative style narrates, through the course of about 3200 verses, the bold killing of two monsters, Grendel and his Mother, and a fire-dragon, as well as numerous other brave deeds in lesser detail, by Beowulf, â€Å"the strongest of men alive in that day, mighty and noble,† â€Å"the good Geat.† Roberta Frank in â€Å"The Beowulf Poet’s Sense of History† sees the hero as â€Å"the synthesis of religious and heroic idealism† (Frank 59). Professor Tolkien in Beowulf: The Monsters and†¦show more content†¦George Clark in Beowulf says: â€Å"As far as one can tell from the evidence of archaeology and the poem’s sometimes ambiguous details, the material culture of the poem’s actors and audience can hardly be distinguished† (Clark 49). This culture manifested strong ties of loyalty between members of one’s family. The family formed a circle of protection and loyalty, a nd was duty-bound to avenge a member’s death. Feuds between families, clans, tribes and nations were passed down from generation to generation until revenge was effected. Consider Beowulf’s revenge of the murder of Heardred, son of Hygelac, by the sons of Othere. And the awaited revenge on the Geats by the Swedes in retaliation for Wulf and Eofor’s killing of Ongentheow. Hygelac, going â€Å"to the land of the Frisians, attacked the Hetware,† provoking a feud between the Geats on one side and the Franks, Frisians and Mereovingians on the other side. It caused considerable personal discomfort/grief when an unnatural death could not be avenged: When Hygelac’s sibling, Herebeald, was killed accidentally by a brother, Haethcyn, it sickened the family: â€Å"Weary it is to the heart: that prince lost his life – unavenged.† Not only was one’s â€Å"kin† bound to avenge past wrongs, but the family/nation was obliged to repay o utstanding debts of members or former members. In Beowulf after the hero with fourteen Geat warriors arrive at Herot, Hrothgar publicly recognizes Beowulf’sShow MoreRelatedBeowulf As An Epic Poem1940 Words   |  8 PagesBeowulf as an Epic Poem Beowulf is a legendary Old English poem believed to have been written in the eighth or ninth century. Though its origin is unclear and its author is unknown this poem has continued through time. Portions of the original transcript have been lost with the passing of time and many translations of the work have been made. Each version of the work one aspect has remained the same, its hero. In all versions of the poem the hero is characterized by his impressive strength, braveryRead MoreEpic Poem Beowulf 805 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf is Ð °n Ð °mÐ °zing, epic poem with greÐ °t quests Ð °nd epic fight scenes throughout the story. It Ð °lso hÐ °d mÐ °ny depressing Ð °nd sÐ °d moment plÐ °ced in the poem. In this poem it hÐ °s mÐ °ny recurring themes plÐ °ced by the Ð °uthor. One of the centrÐ °l themes of Beowulf, embodied by its title chÐ °rÐ °cter, is feÐ °lty. Ð °t every step of his cÐ °reer, feÐ °lty is Beowulf s guiding virtue. FeÐ °lthy meÐ °ns Ð ° feu dÐ °l tenÐ °nts or vÐ °ssÐ °ls sworn loyÐ °lty to Ð ° lord. There were mÐ °ny greÐ °t exÐ °mples of feÐ °lty in the epic poem BeowulfRead MoreThe Epic Poem Beowulf 3048 Words   |  13 Pages Given, the current high profile debate with regard to dating the epic poem Beowulf, it is quite surprising that some scholars go as far as placing it during the Vendel era around 550 - 793 CE. Eventhough it is considered as a kind of folk tale, many are those who believe it happened towards the early Vendel era. As a rebuttal to this point, it might be convincingly argued that this period is also referred to as the Germanic Iron Age. Moreover, this era saw the rise of Norse mythology, which is veryRead MoreThe Epic Poem Beowulf 3137 Words   |  13 Pages11 Given, the current high profile debate with regard to dating the epic poem Beowulf, it is quite surprising that some scholars go as far as placing it during the Vendel era around 550 - 793 CE. Eventhough it is considered as a kind of folk tale, many are those who believe it happened towards the early Vendel era. As a rebuttal to this point, it might be?convincingly argued?that this period is also referred to as the Germanic Iron Age. Moreover, this era saw the rise of Norse mythology, whichRead More Epic of Beowulf Essay - An Epic Poem1656 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf:   An Epic Poem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To qualify as an epic poem, Beowulf reflects the values of the culture in which it was created. The Anglo-Saxon culture and the poem share many of the same values. They shared a heroic ideal that included loyalty, strength, courage, courtesy, and generosity. Like all epic poems Beowulf is a long narrative work that tells the adventures of a great hero and also reflects the values of the society in which it was written. Both Beowulf and the Anglo-Saxons believedRead MoreBeowulf Is The Longest Epic Poem1316 Words   |  6 PagesBeowulf is the longest epic poem written in Old English. The story centers around the exploits of Beowulf, a heroic warrior known for his strength and bravery. The theme of heroism is prevalent throughout the poem through the use of conflict between good and evil forces. Beowulf is often engaged in selfless conquests in the pursuit of saving others, resulting in his emergence as the hero of the story. The text, while focusing on the main th eme of heroism, is divided into two main parts, Beowulf asRead MoreThe Epic Scale Of The Poem Beowulf 2968 Words   |  12 PagesThe Anglo-Saxon story of Beowulf, as it appears in the version written by an unknown author in the early Middle Ages, is unique as a rare surviving example of epic poetry in the English tradition. In this paper, I will show the qualities that make Beowulf an epic, and I will explain the significance of the epic scale of the poem by looking at the battles that take place in the story. The three great beasts that Beowulf has to defeat represent the fears of the Danes about the uncontrollable violenceRead MoreBeowulf Is The Longest Epic Poem1239 Words   |  5 Pages Beowulf is the longest epic poem written in old english ever published. The composition centres around the exploits of Beowulf, a heroic warrior known for his strength and bravery. Themes of heroism are prevalent in the famous piece of literature in relation to its noble protagonist. The poem follows an adventurous plot containing conflict between both good and evil forces. Beowulf is often engaged in selfless conquests in the pursuit of saving others from evil forces, resulting in his emergenceRead MoreHow Beowulf Is An Epic Poem934 Words   |  4 PagesTo Leave a Footprint Beowulf is an epic poem written 1000 to 1300 years ago in Old English and translated by Seamus Heaney into Modern English. Beowulf is a significant piece of literature art work not only because it is one of the earliest known works, but also because it reflects and represents the authors, the Anglo-Saxons’ culture and values. At first, this story was passed around orally, from one person to another. Then, later on, the Anglo-Saxons wrote the entire story down into a manuscriptRead MoreBeowulf And The Anglo Saxon Epic Poem, Beowulf1637 Words   |  7 Pages In the Anglo-Saxon epic poem, Beowulf, a myriad of virtues define the warrior Beowulf. Coming from his homeland, Geatland, he arrives in the land of the Danes resolute in helping King Hrothgar defeat an evil monster, Grendel. Beowulf is an impressive, strong warrior who will triumphantly defeat Grendel; moreover, he will demonstrate how one must seek glory before death, a legacy. A man’s reputation and his lineage i s exceedingly important in the patriarchal society Beowulf lives in. Consequently

Monasticism In The Middle Ages Analysis Essay Example For Students

Monasticism In The Middle Ages Analysis Essay Monasticism in the Middle Ages During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the monasteries served as one of the great civilizing forces by being the centers of education, preservers of learning, and hubs of economic development.Western monasticism was shaped by Saint Benedict of Nursia, who in 529, established a monastery in southern Italy.He created a workable model for running a monastery that was used by most western monastic orders of the Early Middle Ages. To the three vows of obedience, poverty, and chastity, which formed the foundation of most of the old monasteries, he added the vow of manual labor.Each monk did some useful work, such as, plowing the fields, planting and harvesting the grain, tending the sheep, or milking the cows.Others worked at various trades in the workshops.No task was too lowly for them. Benedicts rules laid down a daily routine of monastic life in much greater detail than the preceding rules appear to have done (Cantor 167-168).Schwartz 2The monks also believed in learning, and for centuries had the only schools in existence.The churchmen were the only people who could read or write.Most nobles and kings could not even write their names. The monastery schools were only available to young nobles who wished to master the art of reading in Latin, and boys who wished to study to become priests (Ault 405). The monasteries played a part as the preservers of learning.Many monks busied themselves copying manuscripts and became medieval publishing houses.They kept careful calendars so that they could keep up with the numerous saints days, and other feast days of the medieval church. The monks who kept the calendar often jotted down, in the margins, happenings of interest in the neighborhood or information learned from a traveler.Most of the books in existence, during the Middle Ages, were produced by monks, called scribes. These manuscripts were carefully and painstakingly handwritten.When the monks were writing, no one was allowed to speak, and they used sign languageto communicate with each other. The books were written on vellum, made from calfs skin, or parchment, made from sheeps skin.The scribes used gothic letters, that were written so perfectly, they looked as if they were printed by a press.Many of the books were elaborately ornamented with gold or colore!d letters.The borders around each page were decorated with garlands, vines, or flowers. After the books were written, they were bound in leather or covered with velvet.The monks copied Schwartz 3bibles, hymns, and prayers, the lives of the saints, as well as the writings of the Greeks and Romans and other ancient peoples.The scribes added a little prayer at the end of each book, because they felt that god would be pleased with their work.Without their efforts, these stories and histories would have been lost to the world. The monks became the historians of their day by keeping a record of important events, year by year.It is from their writings that we derive a great deal of knowledge of the life, customs, and events of the medieval times (Ault 158).Medieval Europe made enormous economic gains because of the monks.They proved themselves to be intelligent landlords and agricultural colonizers of Western Europe. A very large proportion of the soil of Europe, in the Middle Ages, was wasteland.There were marshes and forests covering much of the land.The monasteries started cultivating the soil, draining the swamps, and cutting down the forests.These monastic communities attracted settlements of peasants around them because the monastery offered security. Vast areas of land were reclaimed for agricultural purposes.The peasants copied the agricultural methods of the monks.Improved breeding of cattle was developed by the monastic communities.Many monasteries were surrounded by marshes, but their land became fertile farms. .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6 , .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6 .postImageUrl , .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6 , .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6:hover , .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6:visited , .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6:active { border:0!important; } .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6:active , .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6 .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u364b302f8b2677789804a5da1e235ef6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Terminus Hotels EssayThe monasteries became model farms and served as local schools of agriculture. Farmingwas a chief economic activity of the monasteries.They sold the excess that they grew in the marketpla!ce, and this drew them into trade and commerce.Schwartz 4They sold hogs, charcoal, iron, building stone, and timber. This made them into the centers of civilization.Many monasteries conducted their market during patron saints day, and for several days or weeks after it.The aim was to buy and sell at a time when the greatest number of people assembled.Many times, the merchandise sold was not actually present at the market, but the buyer had to travel to another monastery to get it. No deferred payments or partial payments were allowed.Articles could not be bartered or exchanged for other articles.The prevalence of a money economy made this rule enforceable (Dahmus 322). In theory, the monasteries were supposed to use the gains of disposing of their surplus for religious purposes. . .These religious orders did vast amounts of charitable work and built beautiful buildings during this period.The monasteries heaped up vast treasures as a result of their personal activity.In many monasteries, only a small part of the land was cultivated by the monks. The remainder was allotted out to laborers, dairymen, foresters, and serfs, who paid their dues and rents in kind.Some of the articles received were eggs, cheese, mustard, shingles, posts, kegs, and casks.Many women spun and wove linen cloth, and sewed garments for the monks.Serfs tilled the fields and cultivated the vines. The monasteries had their trade well organized.They knew all of the paths and shortcuts on the highways.They built warehouses to hold their merchandise.They also started the practice of using agents to sell their products. Many monasteries were built on the Schwartz 5banks of navigable rivers, and this added to the development of their capabilities.Almost all of the monasteries received immunity from tolls along the highways and rivers.As the monasteries entered more and more into trade, as means of increasing their incomes, they established markets at convenient points between their monastery and other dependent holdings.The monasteries came into the possession of widely scattered lands as a result of donations. As their possessions became widely dispersed, it became difficult to maintain a strong centralorganization to manage their holdings and to keep them profitable to the monastery.Many times, the monasteries exchanged possessions of their widely scattered properties for those that were more centrally located.Often, exchanges were difficult to accomplish because the donations were given with a stipulation that the monastery had to retain the land in its possession (Thompson 663).Many artisans were employed at the monasteries. They manufactured utensils and articles that were the by-products of agriculture, like harnesses, saddles, shoes, and woolen goods.Many times, these artisans lived in quarters outside of the monastery walls.Fine arts were also represented by craftsmen living in the monastery.There were many skilled men practicing their trades, such as wood and stone carvers, guilders, painters, goldsmiths, silversmiths, and parchment makers. Because the monks enjoyed many privileges and exemptions, they wereSchwartz 6able to produce articles of manufacture at a cost far below those of regular artisans and merchants (Lacroix 301).We have observed in the history of the development of the monastic economic system that there are successive stages.At first, the monasteries were agricultural colonies; then they began to market their produce; then to manufacture commodities.As the economic and social life of Europe grew more complex, the monasteries looked for new forms of investments. They developed a mortgage and loan business and became the earliest banking corporation of the middle ages.Although the Church prohibited the charging of interest, the monasteries argued that they were a corporation, not a person, so no sin was attached to the taking of interest.The loans made always carried a high collateral so the monastery made a handsome profit, even in the event of a default.Many times, the person borrowing the money was required to make a gift apart from the collateral he had to put up. .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d , .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d .postImageUrl , .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d , .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d:hover , .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d:visited , .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d:active { border:0!important; } .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d:active , .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b92001881321120d24593b02968112d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cause And Effect: Women's Rights EssayWhen the loan was paid back by the borrower, he was also expected to make an additional gift.The loa!ns made by the monasteries were usually short term, and the borrower would have trouble repaying it.Frequently, the monastery would cancel the loan, and the land held as security would go to the monastery.As the loan business grew, the monasteries were compelled to seek the assistance of trained officials to handle various transactions. Jews were hired for this purpose, since they were skilled money-changers and brokers of this period.This was a Schwartz 7natural transition from making profits in markets and trade to actual banking (Hartman 213).In conclusion, the monasteries offered many important services to the regions in which they were located.The monks and monasteries offered the leadership, that society needed, that could only come from the Church. They provided examples of order and discipline, preserved classical works, and taught reading and writing.The scribes did a great service to civilization, for through their work, many valuable books are preserved for us today, that otherwise might have been lost to the world.Monasteries were educational and economic centers in the areas in which they were established.They had a profound influence in the development of the society of the time. They acted as centers of agriculture and trade.Monasticism, which had begun as a flight from the civilized world, became, not only an integral part of society, but a great civilizing force of their time.